My first dedicated gaming system was the PS1, and in general I have no trouble going back to the sprites and chunky polygons of the mid-to-late 90s, whether on consoles or computers
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as long as I can upscale them to 1080P
Beyond that it gets a bit hit and miss- SNES and Mega Drive games look and sound fine to me and I've played plenty of 16 bit console games as an adult. On PC, I can enjoy 2D stuff like Sam & Max Hit the Road or the original X-Com but most early 3D, like the original System Shock, looks a bit too much like visual vomit.
Going to 8-bit, while the vast majority of NES games are too primitive to my eyes and ears, I have no problems with Game Boy/Game Boy Color games.
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(Well, at least the good ones, mostly made by Nintendo)
Is it just nostalgia because I had a GBC as a kid or is it because Game Boy games came later and had more developed visual aesthetics? 
My limit is probably the very late 80s
You just reminded me of Neo Geo. The whole idea of that console was that you were getting the direct from the arcade experience.
IIRC the console cost $700 and the game cartridges were $200 each… in early 90s dollars.
$200 for a single game, too. It wasn’t a cart that had like multiple games on it or something.
I believe that console was deliberately intended to be a high-end thing for rich enthusiasts