The 1911 Revolution, also known as the Xinhai Revolution or Hsinhai Revolution, ended China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing dynasty, and led to the establishment of the Republic of China. The revolution was the culmination of a decade of agitation, revolts, and uprisings. Its success marked the collapse of the Chinese monarchy, the end of over two millennia of imperial rule in China and the 200-year reign of the Qing, and the beginning of China's early republican era.
The Qing had struggled for a long time to reform the government and resist foreign aggression, but the program of reforms after 1900 was opposed by conservatives in the Qing court as too radical and by reformers as too slow. Several factions, including underground anti-Qing groups, revolutionaries in exile, reformers who wanted to save the monarchy by modernizing it, and activists across the country debated how or whether to overthrow the Qing dynasty. The flash-point came on 10 October 1911, with the Wuchang Uprising, an armed rebellion among members of the New Army. Similar revolts then broke out spontaneously around the country, and revolutionaries in all provinces of the country renounced the Qing dynasty. On 1 November 1911, the Qing court appointed Yuan Shikai (leader of the powerful Beiyang Army) as prime minister, and he began negotiations with the revolutionaries.
In Nanjing, revolutionary forces created a provisional coalition government. On 1 January 1912, the National Assembly declared the establishment of the Republic of China, with Sun Yat-sen, leader of the Tongmenghui (United League), as President of the Republic. A brief civil war between the North and the South ended in compromise. Sun would resign in favor of Yuan, who would become President of the new national government, if Yuan could secure the abdication of the Qing emperor. The edict of abdication of the six-year-old Xuantong Emperor, was promulgated on 12 February 1912. Yuan was sworn in as president on 10 March 1912.
In December 1915, Yuan restored the monarchy and proclaimed himself as the Hongxian Emperor, but the move was met with strong opposition from the population and the Army, leading to his abdication in March 1916 and the reinstatement of the Republic. Yuan's failure to consolidate a legitimate central government before his death in June 1916 led to decades of political division and warlordism, including an attempt at imperial restoration of the Qing dynasty.
The revolution is named Xinhai because it occurred in 1911, the year of the Xinhai (辛亥) stem-branch in the sexagenary cycle of the traditional Chinese calendar. The governments of Taiwan and China both consider themselves the legitimate successors to the 1911 Revolution and honor the ideals of the revolution including nationalism, republicanism, modernization of China and national unity. 10 October is the National Day of the Republic of China on Taiwan, and the Anniversary of the 1911 Revolution in the PRC.
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below is the english-language portion my list of books to read. comment one and i'll read whichever gets the most upbears. also, if any of these are so cringe as to not be worth reading, lmk and i'll consider taking them off my list
big ass list
Super Imperialism: The Origin and Fundamentals of U.S. World Dominance by Hudson, Michael
On War by von Clausewitz, Carl
The War against the Commons: Dispossession and Resistance in the Making of Capitalism by Angus, Ian
I, Robot (Robot, #0.1) by Asimov, Isaac
The Poppy War (The Poppy War, #1) by Kuang, R.F.
Yellowface by Kuang, R.F.
The East is Still Red - Chinese Socialism in the 21st Century by Martínez, Carlos
Half-Earth Socialism: A Plan to Save the Future from Extinction, Climate Change and Pandemics by Vettese, Troy
The Collapse of Antiquity by Hudson, Michael
Ireland by Delaney, Frank
The Counterinsurgent Imagination: A New Intellectual History by Mackay, Joseph
Ulysses by Joyce, James
No Longer at Ease (The African Trilogy, #2) by Achebe, Chinua
Arrow of God (The African Trilogy, #3) by Achebe, Chinua
Pedagogy of the Oppressed by Freire, Paulo
Dreaming War: Blood for Oil and the Cheney-Bush Junta by Vidal, Gore
Bright Lights, Big City by McInerney, Jay
The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer, Geoffrey
Lincoln by Vidal, Gore
Paradise Lost by Milton, John
The Second Sex by Beauvoir, Simone de
The Analects of Confucius by Confucius
A Short History of Chinese Philosophy by Feng Youlan
Selected Works of Mao Zedong by Mao Tse-tung
The Governance of China by Xi Jinping
Workers' Councils by Pannekoek, Anton
What Is to Be Done? by Lenin, Vladimir
Synopsis of Capital: Summation of Das Capital Vol 1 by Engels, Friedrich
Socialism: Utopian and Scientific by Engels, Friedrich
Socialism and the Irish Rebellion: Writings from James Connolly by Connolly, James
Imperialism in the Twenty-First Century: Globalization, Super-Exploitation, and Capitalism's Final Crisis by Smith, John
Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation by Federici, Silvia
Reform or Revolution by Luxemburg, Rosa
Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung: Mao’s Little Red Book Original Version by Mao Tse-tung
The Principles of Communism by Engels, Friedrich
The Poverty of Philosophy by Marx, Karl
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State by Engels, Friedrich
Oppose Book Worship by Mao Tse-tung
One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society by Marcuse, Herbert
Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison by Foucault, Michel
Marxism and Socialism with Chinese Characteristics by Huiming, Jin
Labour in Irish History by Connolly, James
Capitalism in the Web of Life: Ecology and the Accumulation of Capital by Moore, Jason W.
The Housing Question by Engels, Friedrich
The James Connolly Reader by Connolly, James
Guerrilla Warfare by Guevara, Ernesto Che
Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy by Marx, Karl
The German Ideology / Theses on Feuerbach / Introduction to the Critique of Political Economy by Marx, Karl
The Foundations of Leninism by Stalin, Joseph
The Motorcycle Diaries: Notes on a Latin American Journey by Guevara, Ernesto Che
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte by Marx, Karl
Deng Xiaoping s Selected Works (Volume 3) by PING, DENG XIAO
Debt: The First 5,000 Years by Graeber, David
Dialectical and Historical Materialism by Stalin, Joseph
Critique of the Gotha Program by Marx, Karl
The civil war in France by Marx, Karl
Socialism with Chinese Characteristics: A Guide for Foreigners by Boer, Roland
The Antonio Gramsci Reader: Selected Writings 1916-1935 by Forgacs, David
Anti-Dühring by Engels, Friedrich
The Accumulation of Capital by Luxemburg, Rosa
NATO's Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe by Daniele, Ganser
Ten Crises: The Political Economy of China’s Development (1949-2020) (1949-2020) (Global University for Sustainability Book Series) by Wen, Tiejun
Tao Te Ching by Lao Tzu
The Record of Linji by Kirchner, Thomas Yuho
The Paris Commune: A Brief History by Eichner, Carolyn J.
How the West Came to Rule: The Geopolitical Origins of Capitalism by Anievas, Alexander
Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality by Hobsbawm, Eric J.
The Blue Cliff Record by Keqin, Yuanwu
War and Peace by Tolstoy, Leo
Anna Karenina by Tolstoy, Leo
Metamorphoses by Ovid
One Hundred Years of Solitude by García Márquez, Gabriel
The Godfather (The Godfather, #1) by Puzo, Mario
Howl’s Moving Castle (Howl’s Moving Castle, #1) by Jones, Diana Wynne
A Wizard of Earthsea (Earthsea Cycle, #1) by Le Guin, Ursula K.
The Eye of the World (The Wheel of Time, #1) by Jordan, Robert
Notes from the Underground by Dostoevsky, Fyodor
Crime and Punishment by Dostoevsky, Fyodor
The Idiot by Dostoevsky, Fyodor
The Iliad & the Odyssey by Homer
Pride and Prejudice by Austen, Jane
Three Body Problem Collection by Liu, Cixin
Leviathan Wakes by Corey, James S.A.
The Aeneid by Virgil
The Colour of Magic by Pratchett, Terry
Siddartha by Hesse, Hermann
The House of the Spirits by Allende, Isabel
On the Road by Kerouac, Jack
The Unbearable Lightness of Being by Kundera, Milan
The Golden Compass (His Dark Materials, #1) by Pullman, Philip
Red Rising (Red Rising Saga, #1) by Brown, Pierce
The Ocean at the End of the Lane by Gaiman, Neil
Parable of the Sower (Earthseed, #1) by Butler, Octavia E.
Bel Canto by Patchett, Ann
The Last Unicorn by Beagle, Peter S.
Dandelion Wine by Bradbury, Ray
Kindred by Butler, Octavia E.
A Gentleman in Moscow: by Towles, Amor
Paremovedo by Lee, Min Jin
American Gods by Gaiman, Neil
Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge and the Teachings of Plants by Kimmerer, Robin Wall
The Royal Game by Zweig, Stefan
The Road by McCarthy, Cormac
Heart of Darkness by Conrad, Joseph
East of Eden by Steinbeck, John
American Psycho by Ellis, Bret Easton
Fight Club by Palahniuk, Chuck
Death to America
Holy shit you have your entire reading schedule for the next ten years!
Some real good stuff on there I approvw.
War and Peace or Crime and Punishment
The Poppy War was incredibly lib and very boring, my two cents. Excellent list though
I recommend only the original trilogy for the golden compass, the more recent additions have reallllly bad British brain worms
Also I finished the expanse series this year and it was okay enough that I finished it but not enough for me to recommend it to anyone
Edit: I really liked american psycho but most of the torture scenes can be skipped if they're too much for you, if you've already seen the movie (I haven't) the book is seems to be a million times more gorey