The 1911 Revolution, also known as the Xinhai Revolution or Hsinhai Revolution, ended China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing dynasty, and led to the establishment of the Republic of China. The revolution was the culmination of a decade of agitation, revolts, and uprisings. Its success marked the collapse of the Chinese monarchy, the end of over two millennia of imperial rule in China and the 200-year reign of the Qing, and the beginning of China's early republican era.

The Qing had struggled for a long time to reform the government and resist foreign aggression, but the program of reforms after 1900 was opposed by conservatives in the Qing court as too radical and by reformers as too slow. Several factions, including underground anti-Qing groups, revolutionaries in exile, reformers who wanted to save the monarchy by modernizing it, and activists across the country debated how or whether to overthrow the Qing dynasty. The flash-point came on 10 October 1911, with the Wuchang Uprising, an armed rebellion among members of the New Army. Similar revolts then broke out spontaneously around the country, and revolutionaries in all provinces of the country renounced the Qing dynasty. On 1 November 1911, the Qing court appointed Yuan Shikai (leader of the powerful Beiyang Army) as prime minister, and he began negotiations with the revolutionaries.

In Nanjing, revolutionary forces created a provisional coalition government. On 1 January 1912, the National Assembly declared the establishment of the Republic of China, with Sun Yat-sen, leader of the Tongmenghui (United League), as President of the Republic. A brief civil war between the North and the South ended in compromise. Sun would resign in favor of Yuan, who would become President of the new national government, if Yuan could secure the abdication of the Qing emperor. The edict of abdication of the six-year-old Xuantong Emperor, was promulgated on 12 February 1912. Yuan was sworn in as president on 10 March 1912.

In December 1915, Yuan restored the monarchy and proclaimed himself as the Hongxian Emperor, but the move was met with strong opposition from the population and the Army, leading to his abdication in March 1916 and the reinstatement of the Republic. Yuan's failure to consolidate a legitimate central government before his death in June 1916 led to decades of political division and warlordism, including an attempt at imperial restoration of the Qing dynasty.

The revolution is named Xinhai because it occurred in 1911, the year of the Xinhai (辛亥) stem-branch in the sexagenary cycle of the traditional Chinese calendar. The governments of Taiwan and China both consider themselves the legitimate successors to the 1911 Revolution and honor the ideals of the revolution including nationalism, republicanism, modernization of China and national unity. 10 October is the National Day of the Republic of China on Taiwan, and the Anniversary of the 1911 Revolution in the PRC.

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  • GalaxyBrain [they/them]
    ·
    4 hours ago

    Work was busy as hell but I still had a pretty good time. Calling orders and doing defenestration (trying to call working the window/pass that) on a really busy night while everyone is absolutely crushing it can feel really nice. I've got the order chits in front of me and can see how long between something being rung in and finished is and our times were amazing. We even had a big pre-order that someone put in days earlier that somehow none of us knew about, I'm guessing it came in when there was only part timers and they lost the ticket, we had to squeeze that huge takeout into the middle of a stacked time and then later it turned out that a takeout rung in for 7:10 was supposed to be 6:10 and we had to squeeze that sizeable order in as well. Even with that, we hit our other takeout times and no dine ins waited more than 10 damn minutes for food. That's actually a bit too fast for the dine ins, we should give 15 so they can try to sell another round of drinks and boost our tips by working less hard. The only order I fucksd up cause they substituted a sauce drizzle was fine cause we needed a normal one for a takeout that was already in the oven, so I just swapped em. It's nice when a really busy time turns out okay

      • GalaxyBrain [they/them]
        ·
        3 hours ago

        Depends on how busy you are and the vibe of the table. If it's a family either Lil kids who clearly wanna be in and out, do it quick. Tables that are drinking and order apps and are there for a night out you wait a little on.