The 'Libreta' (Libreta de Abastecimiento) is the ration-book, gets people basic foods at 80-90% subsidies.

Cooperativa de Producción Agropecuaria, CPAs, which are private coöperatives, and Unidad Básica de Producción Cooperativa, UBPCs, coöperatives created by the state in 1993 (in the special period) out of previously state-run farms.

UBPC are state-run coöperatives. Workers get profit-sharing. The coöperative has the right to use the land (usufruct) but the state remains legal owner, and have a special econmic relationship with the state. They commit to selling 70% of their primary production produce to the Acopio (state), which goes to the Libreta. The syndicate does its own decision-making.

CPAs have more autonomy than that, and do own their land. The State owns UBPC vehicles; CPA vehicle are jointly owned. The state created the UBPCs, but each CPA is formed by its people. Both have collective governance.

Into the sources –

  • Cuba's Basic Units of Cooperative Production: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FE487

  • Evaluating the Performance of Cuba's Sugarcane Basic Units of Cooperative Production During Their First Decade – https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FE562 – this says yield grew too slowly, advocates economic liberalisation

  • https://www.ascecuba.org/asce_proceedings/an-empirical-study-of-income-and-performance-incentives-on-a-cuban-sugarcane-cpa/

  • https://web.archive.org/web/20170601014151/https://www.ascecuba.org/asce_proceedings/an-empirical-study-of-income-and-performance-incentives-on-a-cuban-sugarcane-cpa/ – "Overall, the “Amistad Cuba-Laos” farm was found to be a highly mechanized, well organized, on-going op­eration, with basic planning and accounting systems in place. The cooperative leadership appeared to be open to the adoption of new technologies, and sugar­cane yields, which plummeted as a result of severe in­put shortages in the early 1990s, were recovering somewhat as inputs became more available. On the other hand, work quality and intensity appear to be below potential, in part due to an incentive system that had not evolved to meet the country’s changing economic conditions"

  • Cooperatives and Socialism: A View from Cuba – PDF on annas-archive

Development Report No.14: Cuba's New Agricultural Revolution: The Transformation of Food Crop Production in Contemporary Cuba – https://web.archive.org/web/20061130165605/http://www.foodfirst.org/files/pdf/DR14.pdf

Reforms around 1993 "included the legalization of holdings and expenditures in foreign currencies and self-employment in certain specified areas; the active promotion of foreign investment in Cuba; the elimination of subsidies on some items of popular consumption; and a move toward implementation of a system of taxation. The outcome of these and other measures will have a notable impact on the effort to bring about the recovery of specific sectors of the economy, such as agriculture"

"The urgency of Cuba's agricultural crisis of the early to mid-1990s highlights in a dramatic fashion the fundamental weaknesses inherent in the classical (socialist) model of development that its government adopted more than three decades ago. That model, whose applicability in more developed countries is even open to question, heightened many of the problems already existing in Cuban agriculture. It increased the country's external dependence, while reinforcing its reliance on one crop to fuel international economic relations. At the same time, it exacerbated the rural exodus that had been initiated by the spread of agroexport production, creating a situation in which, once jobs were available in agricultural production, there were few people to fill them."

  • Burchardt, H.-J. (2001). Cuba's Agriculture after the New Reforms: Between Stagnation and Sustainable Development. Socialism & Democracy, 15(1), 141. – https://sci-hub.ru/10.1080/08854300108428283 – Says that the reforms of the 1990s were about diversifying the economic forms of agriculture. – Is written by someone sympathetic to socialism. Says collectives are proven in Cuba.

  • Deere, C. D. (1993). Household incomes in Cuban agriculture : a comparison of the state, cooperative, and peasant sectors. The Hague, Netherlands : Publications Office, Institute of Social Studies, [1993]. – https://sci-hub.ru/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1995.tb00550.x – "This article presents the results of a 1991 household income survey of the three main groups in Cuban agriculture: wage workers on state farms, members of production co-operatives, and peasant producers. It is shown that since the 1959 revolution household income levels in the agricultural sector have improved dramatically, while regional differences have been ameliorated considerably. Households in the private sector of Cuban agriculture have fared the best. It is also demonstrated that agricultural households rely on multiple sources of income to generate their livelihood. Rather than being strictly proletarian, collective, or petty commodity producers, these households are best characterized by the multiple class relations in which they participate."

I didn't even get into the famous organopónicos.