These developments look increasingly structural. The authorities' stance since 2020, including regulatory tightening and zero-COVID lockdowns, appear to have inflicted long-lasting damage to China's private economy, the dynamism of which was a defining feature of its economic miracle in the past four decades. Nearly 20 months into China's COVID reopening, the private sector has yet to bounce back, despite many pro-private business utterances and gestures from China's leadership. In sum, the findings here corroborate the view that China continues to suffer from "economic long COVID."

I wonder how the "pro-private business" countries are doing and whether there are any other markers of a healthy political economy that might not be the profits or revenue of the private sector.