Until the 13th century, the Church exalted poverty as a holy state and engaged in distribu­tions of alms, trying to convince the rustics to accept their situation and not envy the rich. In Sunday sermons, priests were prodigal with tales like that of the poor Lazarus sitting in heaven at the side of Jesus, and watching his rich but stingy neigh­bor burning in flames.The exaltation of sancta paupertas ("holy poverty") also served to impress on the rich the need for charity as a means for salvation. This tactic pro­cured the Church substantial donations of land, buildings and money, presumably to be used for distribution among the needy, and it enabled it to become one of the richest institutions in Europe. But when the poor grew in numbers and the heretics started to challenge the Church's greed and corruption, the clergy dismissed its homilies about poverty and introduced many 'distinguo." Starting in the 13th cen­tury, it affirmed that only voluntary poverty has merit in the eyes of God, as a sign of humility and contempt for material goods; this meant, in practice, that help would now be given only to the "deserving poor," that is, to the impoverished members of the nobility, and not to chose begging in the streets or at city gates. The latter were increasingly looked upon with suspicion as guilty of laziness or fraud.

From Caliban and the Witch