Most of the core deities are in Starfinder, so I think we can discard them. Maybe they get revived or Starfinder is an alternate timeline but I'm not going to assume that.
That leaves 9 deities: Erastil, Gorum, Gozreh, Irori, Nethys, Norgorber, Rovagug, Shelyn, Torag.
I think some of those have explanations of why they aren't in Starfinder. Torag I remember reading is guarding Golarion, wherever the planet is. Rovagug is either The Devourer or still inside Golarion. Gozreh is specifically a Golarion deity, so he/she is almost certainly still there. Erastil really doesn't fit Starfinder setting, so I think he is still around, but probably the people that worship him are not traveling in starships. Gorum and Nethys seem to be like weird choises to kill off, I don't think they are part of any current storyline and I can't really see the god of magic that knows everything dying, same with the god of war though he might enjoy that. Similarly with Irori and Norgorber, I don't think they dying would be dramatic enough.
So my bet is on Shelyn, it will probably involve Zon-Kuthon. And we already have the perfect replacement for the deity of art I think, Nocticula.
I don't think they are worse, they just do less damage. A lot of the value of ranged combat depends on the map layout, if there are places to take cover, choke points, difficult terrain. And also it requires coordination with the rest of the party to be very effective, if everyone grabs a ranged weapon they can shot at enemies while they get close, then switch to melee when they are in reach.