Trees turn into peat which lithifies into coal. The anoxic and acidic conditions of peat bogs can slow decomposition enough to allow peat and coal to form so not all coal is from the Carboniferous, just most of it.
Also the evolutionary lag hypothesis that attributes that extra Carboniferous coal to a lack of lignin decomposers has been thrown into doubt.
0/10 doesn't explain the structure of Vsr-like homing endonucleases
Anyone know what the first known case of 'bug' exclusively referring to Hemipterans/Heteropterans? The first use of bug being applied to arthropods was in the 1620s in reference to bedbugs (in Hemiptera but not Heteroptera) with the term ladybug (not in Hemiptera) first attested in the 1690s. Both predate Linnean taxonomy. So why and when did entomologists decide to coin this highly restrictive definition? It's a very English-language term so it surely wasn't when the taxon was created by Linnaeus.
First one looks like an urchin with pattern baldness
I really don't understand their examples. Like I get self-recognition and memory but what makes play behaviour, curiosity, anxiety-like states, and problem-solving signs of consciousness? These are at the end of the day organisms responding to stimuli, something all organisms by definition do. Is pain response a sign of consciousness but something like phototaxis isn't only because the former is 'complex' and the latter 'simple'?
DIY fossilization