THIS IS HOW I DIE, TRYING TO UNDERSTAND LIGHT SCIENCE
That looks like pretty standard differential geometry. Which is hard as shit. Good luck with that whole situation.
Edit: Although now that I look at it more, I'm a little confused. What the fuck is (d Sigma)? It doesn't look like the boundary of anything. And yeah, ok, I don't know what (d Omega) is either. I'm sure this is differential geometry, but there's notation I've never seen before.
Edit 2: Oh, it wouldn't be a boundary. I'm a dummy sometimes. (d Sigma) must be some sort of tangent plane situation. Something to do with a differential, at any rate.
Tried reading grad level differential geometry books. Still don't understand differentials all too well. Something about vectors and covectors.
This makes me feel good about running around with a wrench and making monkey noises. I don't understand anything about this picture.
okay so sigma is a lightbulb, but what is S? A cornea or lens?