Catalhoyuk was one of the oldest cities in the world, and a very large one at that. It existed from approximately 7500 BC to 6400 BC, and flourished around 7000 BC. Its population was estimated at An average population of between 5,000 and 7,000, with 10,000 being a possible upper limit. In July 2012, it was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Catalhoyuk was composed entirely of domestic buildings, with no obvious public buildings. While some of the larger ones have rather ornate murals, the purpose of some rooms remains unclear. The sites themselves consisted of large numbers of buildings where residents traded with and married with each other. Their mud-brick houses were crammed together in such a way that there were no forms of streets between the buildings. In order to navigate around each other, exits were made via holes in the roofs and walls, with the rooftops of the buildings forming a type of street.

The buildings themselves were kept pretty clean, and archaeologists identified very little rubbish in the buildings. The residents even had a seperate area for disposal of sewage and food waste, and this area also contained ash from burning wood, reeds and animal dung. In good weather, many daily activities may also have taken place on the rooftops, which may have formed a plaza. In later periods, large communal ovens appear to have been built on these rooftops. Over time, houses were renewed by partial demolition and rebuilding on a foundation of rubble, which was how the mound was gradually built up. As many as eighteen levels of settlement have been uncovered.

As part of their rituals, residents buried their dead within the Catalhoyuk. Human remains have been found in pits beneath the floors and, especially, beneath hearths, the platforms within the main rooms, and under beds. Bodies were tightly flexed before burial and were often placed in baskets or wound and wrapped in reed mats. Some skulls were plastered and painted with ochre to recreate faces, a custom more characteristic of Neolithic sites in Syria and at Neolithic Jericho than at sites closer by.

Çatalhöyük has strong evidence of an egalitarian society, as no houses with distinctive features have been found so far. The most recent investigations also reveal little social distinction based on gender, with men and women receiving equivalent nutrition and seeming to have equal social status, as typically found in Paleolithic cultures.

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