First of all, animals should not be used for work because :im-vegan: . But having said that... I see how human labor creates surplus value. And I think I understand why machines don't create surplus value. But what about animals that get exploited to perform work, say the mule that pulls a plow? Like humans, they require a "real wage" to sustain them i.e. food, shelter, and medical attention, right? And if the value of labor power of a day of a mule is say 2 hours (that's how much human labor is invovlved in making feed, etc), then if this mule works for more than 2 hours, are they not creating surplus value for the capitalist that claims to own them?
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that's one way of training a horse to accept riders but it's not the only way to do it. It's used a lot as the other way involves caring for the horse and getting it to associate you with positive atmospheres and experiences which involves compassion and unfortunately some men think compassion is gay. It's like how you can train a dog by beating it but that's not the only way to train a dog
And horse riding can be bad for the horses body if done a certain way and without regard for the welfare of the horse but it isn't automatically
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of course it is a human can tell where a horse is uncomfortable but capital can only view the world as numbers. Training and looking after an animal properly takes compassion and capital has none