Text of the NYT Article:
By Timothy Aubry
Nov. 25, 2015
Less than a lifetime ago, reputable American writers would occasionally start fistfights, sleep in ditches and even espouse Communist doctrines. Such were the prerogatives and exigencies of the artist’s existence, until M.F.A. programs arrived to impose discipline and provide livelihoods. Whether the professionalization of creative writing has been good for American literature has set off a lot of elegantly worded soul-searching and well-mannered debate recently, much of it in response to Mark McGurl’s seminal study, “The Program Era.” What Eric Bennett’s “Workshops of Empire” contributes is an understanding of how Cold War politics helped to create the aesthetic standards that continue to rule over writing workshops today.
Sponsored by foundations dedicated to defeating Communism, creative-writing programs during the postwar period taught aspiring authors certain rules of propriety. Good literature, students learned, contains “sensations, not doctrines; experiences, not dogmas; memories, not philosophies.” The goal, according to Bennett, was to discourage the abstract theorizing and systematic social critiques to which the radical literature of the 1930s had been prone, in favor of a focus on the personal, the concrete and the individual. While workshop administrators like Paul Engle and Wallace Stegner wanted to spread American values, they did not want to be caught imposing a particular ideology on their students, for fear of appearing to use the same tactics as the communists. Thus they presented their aesthetic principles as a nonpolitical, universally valid means of cultivating writerly craft. The continued status of “show, don’t tell” as a self-evident truth, dutifully dispensed to anyone who ventures into a creative-writing class, is one proof of their success.
Bennett’s argument is a persuasive reminder that certain seemingly timeless criteria of good writing are actually the product of historically bound political agendas, and it will be especially useful to anyone seeking to expand the repertoire of stylistic strategies taught within creative-writing programs. That said, some sections are better researched than others. His chapters on Stegner, Hemingway and Henry James lack the detailed institutional machinations that make his account of Engle’s career so compelling. Moreover, he uses the early history to support his claim that creative-writing programs continue to bolster a pro-capitalist worldview today. But a chess move made to solve specific problems can serve unexpected purposes when the situation on the board has changed. Whether or not the aesthetic doctrines currently championed by writing workshops perform the same political function they once did, now that the very conflict responsible for their emergence has ended, is a question that requires further study.
Finally, despite Bennett’s misgivings about creative-writing workshops, his book is itself a convincing argument in their favor. A graduate of the Iowa M.F.A. program, Bennett has produced a literary history far more enjoyable than the typical academic monograph, for all the reasons one might guess. It features a winning protagonist, Engle, the ebullient poet-huckster and early director of the Iowa Writers’ Workshop, who, according to Bennett, “moved too quickly through the airports and boardroom offices to bother with the baggage of complex beliefs.” Here and elsewhere, Bennett never tells when he can show. The 1920s, under his scrutiny, consists not of trends, but of “racy advertisements, voting mothers, unruly daughters, smoking debutants, migrating Negroes, Marx, Marxists, Freud, Freudians and the unsettling monstrosity of canvasses and symphonies from Europe.” Wallace Stegner, he observes, “wrote at length about not sleeping with people.” Whether novelists and poets should make room in their work for the intellectual abstractions that prevail within academic scholarship, the academy would be better off if more of its members could attend to concrete particulars with the precision and wit that Bennett brings to his subject. Indeed, they might even benefit from taking a creative-writing class or two.
WORKSHOPS OF EMPIRE
Stegner, Engle, and American Creative Writing During the Cold War
Wtf.
Tolstoy, usually regarded as the best writer, violates this rule constantly. His narrator turns to the camera all the time and says: “and that’s why Jesus is awesome, folks!”
Flaubert (usually ranked second best writer) never does this, however, even though the guy is a lib. Show, don’t tell might actually originate with Flaubert saying that a writer should be like god in the universe: present everywhere and yet visible nowhere.
Nabokov, America’s favorite writer, would constantly go on anti-Freudian, anti-communist rants in his books.
Joyce obviously has some issues with British imperialism. Etc.
I write communist fiction but I struggle to keep from going on leftwing rants because it annoys me when I encounter it in other stories. I do ultimately think it’s better to work this shit into the narrative (like in The Sopranos, probably the most leftwing “thing” America has made in decades). I tell myself that if I want to rant, I should write an essay. If I want to tell a story, I should tell a story.
Zola is a leftwing writer who does a very good job of being leftwing while showing and not telling. I’ve read The Human Beast, Germinal, The Lady’s Paradise, and some of The Debacle and Nana, and it’s all great.
Every episode has this underlying current of: “the mafia is the same as ordinary business, and even when you succeed, you are completely miserable.” Tony’s daughter uses the word “bourgeois,” which I have never heard in America outside of Marxist contexts. The shrink’s son studies Lacan. Tony’s son reads Zinn right in front of the camera in an episode where the Italian nationalists look like complete idiots next to some Native American activists protesting Columbus Day. It just goes on and on. You can find some kind of leftist critique in every episode.
Putting essays in novels gets them to people who might not otherwise read them. For example, I don't read a lot of fiction, and Donna Haraway tricked me into reading speculative fiction by burying it in Staying with the Trouble
One of the most famous parts of the most famous Dostoevsky novel is where a character goes on a novella-length philosophical monologue. And it's fantastic.
Jesus, is there anything that the CIA don't have its fingers in? Idk why I'm still surprised whenever I find out that something new was the CIA all along but damn
Gonna lean harder into violating the Rules of Writing just to spite them, be gay do crime
TLDR:
The goal, according to Bennett, was to discourage the abstract theorizing and systematic social critiques to which the radical literature of the 1930s had been prone, in favor of a focus on the personal, the concrete and the individual.
Memoirs are bourgois.
I'm pretty anti-MFA but I'm not sure on this one. If it's a historical fact, sure, but the way "show don't tell" is employed now by amateur critics/writers doesn't usually have any political content (which the article notes as well: it ossified despite no longer having CIA involvement).
Chuck Palahnuik makes this archetypal argument for the rule:
Typically, writers use these “thought” verbs at the beginning of a paragraph (In this form, you can call them “Thesis Statements” and I’ll rail against those, later) In a way, they state the intention of the paragraph. And what follows, illustrates them.
For example:
“Brenda knew she’d never make the deadline. Traffic was backed up from the bridge, past the first eight or nine exits. Her cell phone battery was dead. At home, the dogs would need to go out, or there would be a mess to clean up. Plus, she’d promised to water the plants for her neighbor…”
Do you see how the opening “thesis statement” steals the thunder of what follows? Don’t do it.
But that this is totally subjective and has no argument attached is lost on Chucky. This is what many bad critics do: they do not have the acumen to point out macro-flaws in shallow/unrealistic characterization, cliches, banalities, all things that can be cogently argued & debated, so they hone in on minute flaws that, usually, only appear to them as such. I once read an article where someone said contemporary fiction was bad because their introductory sentences were too long.
But "Steals the thunder" here means nothing: I could just as easily argue that, given the first sentence, the following sentences are superfluous, so one obviously would have written the paragraph differently to begin with. "Little" Chucky can't even leave his own style of writing for the sake of arguments. SAD!
If nothing else, cut the opening sentence and place it after all the others. Better yet, transplant it and change it to: Brenda would never make the deadline.
Thinking is abstract. Knowing and believing are intangible. Your story will always be stronger if you just show the physical actions and details of your characters and allow your reader to do the thinking and knowing. And loving and hating.
This is ironic, considering that how a character thinks & believes are actually far more indelible to a potential reader than their physical details. I used an example recently of trying to describe Satsuki Kiryuin without using her name: it's impossible, because any non-weeb reader will imagine their own version of long black hair/thick eyebrows/stern face woman.
This is not true of "Brenda knew she would never make the deadline." Moreover, knowing about a character allows one to set up later "show" moments, because then the reader objectively knows enough about a character to think "ah, I think this is what their expression means / what they're thinking". I'll make a separate post on this later, maybe, but consider this: a character looks at a dead cat. What are they thinking?
Well, better hope I make that post to answer that.
Don’t tell your reader: “Lisa hated Tom.” Instead, make your case like a lawyer in court, detail by detail. Present each piece of evidence.
That all of this is devoid of context tells you enough, but I should note this is a fine introduction: not a great one, but a good serviceable one. A thesis statement's purpose is to set up a story quickly. And, again, telling leads to far deeper, more subtle, and greater characterization than permanently showing.
But the reason Palahnuik and amateur critics do this with literature is, I believe, more insidious. The popularity of television & movies (worthy artforms in their own right) and subsequent crowding out of literature has led to the implicit view that it is sort of a subhuman version of art. Books that only show are easier to adapt to film/television, because they more aptly mimic it, which is what all literature aspires to anyway: besides a few old boring classics. Words are boring & plot is fast: why read when you can watch?
The obvious corollary that if you are writing a novel, you are in the only medium where you can tell, so why not use it, never occurs to these people.
Nice! Thanks for that, condenses quite a few good points that I couldn't possibly bring down to paper.
If you describe things, that gives you power over it. The CIA was a monopoly of their demonology
Wild shit. I fucking hate America, our entire being has been manipulated and distorted and our humanity destroyed in the name of capitalism. It’s a sick fucking society :joker-dancing:
