Mostly through imperialism and resource extraction, obviously.
Countries that have not participated in imperialism and exceeding their carbon budgets have also set up welfare states. A country being wealthy or exploitative is not a prerequisite for taking care of its citizens.
Wealthy countries can provide a welfare state without imperialism?
How'd they get so wealthy in the first place?
Mostly through imperialism and resource extraction, obviously.
Countries that have not participated in imperialism and exceeding their carbon budgets have also set up welfare states. A country being wealthy or exploitative is not a prerequisite for taking care of its citizens.