The Nepalese Civil War was a protracted armed conflict that took place in the former Kingdom of Nepal from 1996 to 2006. It saw fighting between the Nepalese royal government and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) throughout the country. The war was the decisive factor that led to the collapse of the Nepalese kingdom in 2008 and the subsequent establishment of the present-day Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal.

The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) was established in 1994, and the armed war between the party and the government commenced on February 13, 1996, when the Communist party carried out seven attacks in six different districts. The government at first sent the police to try and contain the uprising, and the army was not involved as it was thought the police could handle the attacks. In July 2001, the government had talked of a ceasefire with the Maoist rebel groups, but the talks were not successful, and the attacks continued with the rebel ambushing an army barracks in Dang district, Western Nepal. This led to a backlash from the army who went up in arms against the rebels thus worsening the situation. The attacks increased in 2002.

The government, on the other hand, banned all anti-monarchy statements, imprisoned journalists and closed down the newspapers that were suspected of taking sides with the rebels. Talks were held between the Nepalese government and the rebel groups, but none of them were fruitful. The government refused to give in to the rebels’ demands of having elections to form a constitutional assembly as they felt this would lead to the elimination of the monarchy. The Maoists, on the other hand, refused to acknowledge the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. The Maoists controlled the rural areas while the government dominated the towns and the cities during the war as most of the government organizations were based in the cities. The United Kingdom, India, China and the United States under the umbrella of the global war on terror provided economic and military support to the Nepalese government.

As the government was unable to restore peace and order in the country, on February 1, 2005, King Gyanendra decided to take total control of the country with the aim of stopping the uprisings. This made India and the UK pull off their support for the government. In May 2005, seven of the political parties established an alliance named the Seven Party Alliance. In November of the same year, the Maoist rebels and the Seven Party Alliance with help from the Indian government issued a resolution pointing out that an autocratic monarchy was the main impediment to democracy and peace. The Maoist rebels agreed to uphold peace, and it was agreed upon that elections would be carried out to form a constitutional assembly.

In 2006, violence went down with people holding peaceful pro-democracy protests. On April 24, 2006, King Gyanendra declared that he would restore the House of Representatives and this was agreed upon by the Seven Party Alliance as they would form the house. The Maoists did not agree with the move, so they still held demonstrations with the largest demonstration being held on June 2, 2006, in Kathmandu. On November 26, 2006, a peace agreement was finally signed by the Seven Party Alliance and the Maoist Rebels thus ending the ten-year war

On 23 December 2007, an agreement was made for the monarchy to be abolished and the country to become a federal republic with the Prime Minister becoming head of state. The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) became the largest party amidst a general atmosphere of fear and intimidation from all sides. A federal republic was established in May 2008, with only four members of the 601-seat Constituent Assembly voting against the change, which ended 240 years of royal rule in Nepal.

After this Nepal would become a Liberal Democracy led by a unified party of communists in the goverment, during this time not much would happen in Nepal besides the Madhes Movement who wanted more right for minorities in Nepal.

the creation of a liberal democracy instead of a socialist state would cause a lot of tension in the unified communist party and eventualy in 2020 would result in a massive split in the communist party of Nepal, making the MLM and the ML parties rivals again.

The People's war in Nepal: genesis and development :chairman-meow:

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  • Hella [none/use name]
    ·
    2 years ago

    This occurred under under the leadership of Jiang Zemin and ended under Hu Jintao. China had largely prioritized realpolitik and stability with its neighbors to a fault for the past several decades. Tibet was an especially sensitive region at the time due to the threat of anti-communist Tibetan exiles organizing on the other side of the border in Nepal that could capitalize on the chaos during the Nepalese civil war. The Nepalese government was considered an old ally that would try to prevent anti-China Tibetan exiles in Nepal from engaging in separatist activists. From a liberal source:

    Instead, the Chinese government is worried about maintaining the stability of an impoverished nation that shares a long border with Tibet and could serve as a base for Tibetan exiles seeking to shake off Chinese rule.

    In turn, the king assured Jiang that Nepal would never let its territory be used as "venues for any activity undermining China's interests," the official New China News Agency reported.

    Nepal is important to China because of its strategic location south of Tibet. Many Nepalese are Himalayan people ethnically similar to Tibetans, and about 35,000 Tibetan refugees live there. As many as 2,500 more make the dangerous journey into the country every year. Most oppose Chinese rule of Tibet and support the Dalai Lama, the spiritual leader who lives in exile in India.

    The Nepalese government prohibits Tibetans from engaging in any political activities that could anger China.

    Nepal is also an important buffer between China and India, rivals that fought a border war in 1962. Historically, the two countries have competed for influence in Nepal.

    Easily one of the most cringeworthy foreign policy decisions in PRC history and arguably the worst one in the post-Sino-Soviet split era. Nevertheless, China managed to establish good relations with Nepali Maoists in the new government after the civil war in spite of the Chinese government being on the wrong side of the conflict at the time.