Let’s take a look at the timeline of Gazprom ownership as an example that is indicative of the bigger picture:

1943: Gas production was centralized under the Soviet state

1989: Established as the first state run corporate entity

1992: Privatized by Yeltsin. Sold off as shares to connected cronies. Given tax exemption loopholes and deregulated. Asset stripping started.

2000: Putin comes to power and re-nationalizes Gazprom. Fires the corrupt chairman crony running it and installed his own clique of loyal bureaucrats. Stops asset stripping and orders other companies to return what was stolen. Private entities were regulated and forbidden from exporting gas, only Gazprom and the state held the option. Protectionist tariffs were used and state subsidies to build up capacity

It’s not socialism, but calling Putin’s politics “oligarchy” and “neoliberal” is simply incorrect and conflates him with those forces within Russia that he is opposed to. It would be more accurate to label Putin a protectionist nationalist and anti-imperialist, most similar analogue I can think of would be Gaddafi or Lukashenko. There’s a reason why people preferred Libya under Gaddafi over the neoliberal market anarchy of today, and why Belarus has a better standard of living than the rest of Eastern Europe & why Russia reversed economic course under Putin and differed drastically from Yeltsin’s market anarchy.