The European wars of religion were a series of wars waged in Europe during the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries. Fought after the Protestant Reformation began in 1517, the wars disrupted the religious and political order in the Catholic countries of Europe. Other motives during the wars involved revolt, territorial ambitions and great power conflicts. By the end of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), Catholic France had allied with the Protestant forces against the Catholic Habsburg monarchy. The wars were largely ended by the Peace of Westphalia (1648), which established a new political order that is now known as Westphalian sovereignty.

The conflicts began with the minor Knights' Revolt (1522), followed by the larger German Peasants' War (1524–1525) in the Holy Roman Empire. Warfare intensified after the Catholic Church began the Counter-Reformation in 1545 against the growth of Protestantism. The conflicts culminated in the Thirty Years' War, which devastated Germany and killed one third of its population, a mortality rate twice that of World War I.[2][4] The Peace of Westphalia broadly resolved the conflicts by recognising three separate Christian traditions in the Holy Roman Empire: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism and Calvinism. Although many European leaders were sickened by the bloodshed by 1648, smaller religious wars continued to be waged until the 1710s, including the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639–1651) in the British Isles, the Savoyard–Waldensian wars (1655–1690), and the Toggenburg War (1712) in the Western Alps.

The Peace of Westphalia is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire, closing a calamitous period of European history that killed approximately eight million people. The Holy Roman Emperor (Ferdinand III), the kingdoms of France and Sweden, and their respective allies among the princes of the Holy Roman Empire participated in these treaties.

The negotiation process was lengthy and complex. Talks took place in two cities, because each side wanted to meet on territory under its own control. A total of 109 delegations arrived to represent the belligerent states, but not all delegations were present at the same time. Two treaties were signed to end the war in the Empire: the Treaty of Münster and the Treaty of Osnabrück. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire, with the Habsburgs (rulers of Austria and Spain) and their Catholic allies on one side, battling the Protestant powers (Sweden and certain Holy Roman principalities) allied with France (though Catholic, strongly anti-Habsburg under King Louis XIV).

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  • VHS [he/him]
    ·
    2 years ago

    so one of my coworkers is a mostly a socdem, very critical of corporations and the MIC but strangely hawkish on China and anticommunist, and my other coworker actually took my side in being pro-China and vaguely pro-communist. surprisingly good development in workplace discourse, gives me hope compared to the usual dismal state of such conversation in amerikkka

    • Frank [he/him, he/him]
      ·
      2 years ago

      mostly a socdem, very critical of corporations and the MIC but strangely hawkish on China and anticommunist

      What no theory and living in the contextless, ahistorical blob of untime that is the Imperial Core does to a mf.

      • VHS [he/him]
        ·
        2 years ago

        For sure. He'll even say that every military intervention the US did after WWII was wrong, but thinks it would be good to do it against China. Like, that's literally how the propaganda works, dude

        • Frank [he/him, he/him]
          ·
          2 years ago

          It's so weird that people can't make the leap from "things that happened in the past were bad" to "The same things happening right now are probably also bad".

          And I can't really understand why people switched from indifference about China to unthinking jingoistic hate. Like what did they do? Fuck with their currency a little? And for that they deserve an apocalyptic war of aggression that best case will kill millions of innocent people and destroy both China and the US?

          Why are people like this? Why can't we just be kind to each other?