Instead of gaining a parliamentary majority large enough to amend the Indian constitution, Modi’s BJP is now slated to lose its absolute majority, and Modi must face forming a coalition to keep his job. There are enough right wing/Hindu Nationalists aligned with Modi to form what should be a stable coalition, but it is still a massive electoral failure when most were expecting a landslide, especially given exit polling numbers. What appeared to be an unchallenged Hindu-Nationalist agenda just weeks ago has come crashing back to reality, hemorrhaging support across the board to a very different view of India’s future.
The NDA (Hindu Nationalist coalition) has faced immense, grassroots resistance to its mandate across the country from a rival coalition, I.N.D.I.A (Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance). I.N.D.I.A is broad coalition ranging from Communists to SocDems to Regionalists and even right wing nationalists, all united by a common vision that Modi and his Hindu Nationalist agenda can not be the future of the country. In addition, this strong showing from I.N.D.I.A has been consistent across the board, and coalition members have performed well in both seat sharing and non-seat sharing arrangements. This is vital for long-term resistance to a party like BJP, which employs the strategy of being comparatively well organized, thus allowing it to field vast quantities of mid candidates and still win elections because the opposition to BJP was too divided or even more mid.
My personal thoughts, if you happen to be interested.
Though this is great news, Modi and his potential coalition still have won the election. So where do we go from here and what does the future look like? Personally, I believe we may be looking something close to the peak performance of what the I.N.D.I.A coalition is capable of as it is currently structured and in opposition to BJP. Though this election performance was a pleasant surprise given the circumstances, the main reason BJP was able to come to such a powerful position in the first place was its organization, promises regarding a future vision of India (though BJP has not actually accomplished much), and lack of serious inspiring competition. The fact of the matter is that in the long term, to challenge BJP with a leader like Modi, you need a widely popular vision that people believe in and a leader the people believe can guide the country towards this vision. The I.N.D.I.A coalition, as it is currently structured, is purely an anti-NDA alliance. This is not a vision that can result in a stable governing coalition long enough to be effective, and being anti-something is not an effective, inspiring long term unifier (coughcough USA coughcough Democratic Party). In my opinion there are three possible futures of India: One very terrible future would be seeing our present day India continue along its current path where it slides ever deeper into right wing politics and religious extremism while the people of India suffer under intensifying capitalist exploitation. Potentially even more dangerous than the first future would be the balkanization of India along the many ethnic, tribal, religious, and ideological divisions within the country, which could result in absolutely unprecedented human suffering and exploitation. Lastly, there remains the only prosperous potential future of India I can envision, which is one where it is united under a common vision of liberation via socialism.
Regionalism is the reason. Like for example, the Shiv-Sena was born out of frustration that the outsiders stole jobs from the Marathi people, by Balasaheb Thackarey. In the 1970s, the Shiv-Sena switched to Hindutva. Nonetheless, they used to lynch and beat immigrants - their religion did not matter.
Even to this day, they still lynch Bihari migrants, but it has toned down a lot in recent years, given how:
a) the party split into two - UBT faction vs Shinde faction (read the Maharashtra 2019 political crisis to learn more).
b) the next youth leader of UBT, Aditya Thackrey, has a SoBo liberal vibe.
c) the leader of Shinde faction, Eknath Shinde is a puppet of the BJP under Devendra Fadnavis, despite being the one to revolt against Uddhav Thackarey and his allies.
UBT (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackarey) faction is probably considered as the original Shiv-Sena, if nepotism is the basis for this deducation, however, Shinde faction (Eknath Shinde) remains true to the fascist ideology, tones down on Marathi identity and allies with the BJP (obviously, because the BJP in general hates regionalism, and sees Hindi-Hindu-Hindustan as their philosophy).
By the way, Balasaheb Thackarey has a hard-liner nephew called Raj Thackrey, who used to be anti-Modi, despite being far-right leaning, but recently, he has pledged his support for Modi.
Source: मी मुंबई चा मुलगा आहे.