There were important differences. The dust bowl was largely localized. It covered a large area, but that area was in America, which is huge. The Dust Bowl was largely man made and didn't effect agriculture outside of that region. And the US had many other regions producing food, as well as significant agricultural mechanization.

In the USSR there was a serious drought that affected most of Ukraine, Russia, and a few other republics. This was a very large part of the USSRs arable land. The USSR was dealing with various kinds of kulak sabotage - Refusing to plant, refusing to harvest. They were dealing with serious failures of communication, transport, and logistics, as well as government policies that were inadequate to provide needed relief until the famine was well underway and mass death had already occured. And their overall agricultural mechanization was not as good as some other industrialized countries.