So the best thing to start with would be Lenin's What is to Be Done, the Third Comintern's Guidelines on the Organizational Structure of Communist Parties, on the Methods and Content of their Work, and probably some leftist history of the revolution. Lenin's idea was very much about getting to a revolutionary moment and then being in the best position of any party (not necessarily political party) to seize the state apparatus and quickly turn it against the revolution's enemies. That is definitely one way to look at the history of the Russian Revolution.

So how did they go about that?

Well to begin we see that within the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (one of the socialist parties but the only Marxist one) the Bolsheviks generally stuck with Lenin and saw that political change was a necessary precursor to genuine economic change. This was in contrast to the Economist Marxists who thought economic struggle by the working classes (as in strikes, sabotage, etc.) demanding economic change would lead to revolution, or the Narodniks who thought the classes could be incited to revolution (generally through terrorism). Lenin did not think either would work and accused Economists of seeking economic reform as an end unto itself and the left terrorists of being worse than the Economists. He argued both were tailing the workers in the political struggle rather than being the vanguard for the revolution. Lenin thought that supporting the worker's struggle was necessary and that it was good that the RSDLP focused on it early on, but it was not enough.

Despite this most of the Bolshevik's praxis was very similar to the Mensheviks as well as the other socialist parties, but you see it slightly broader in its class character. They sought to teach people of their class character and Marxist theory (as well as to read, write, and do arithmetic) through schools and reading groups. They sought to organize workers into trade unions and get workers in the trade unions to align with Bolshevik ideas and actions. They published and distributed newspapers, flyers, leaflets, and posters. They were involved in mobilizing people for protests and strikes. I also suspect they did some "mutual aid" style work or at least semi-public gatherings but these would have been extremely limited since they would have been illegal. There was also other, more mundane, things like trying to gather intelligence and statistics, trying to build new branches, or organizing new committees. Their main goal was to create revolution and that meant going to people who might not have been "working class" (mainly the peasants but also students, soldiers, and Lenin at least says liberals) to point out how Tsarism, and later the provisional government, was against their interest.

As to the organization of the party, Lenin saw that the best method would be to have a dedicated core of professional revolutionaries oversee and delegate tasks to members who would function in committees or cells. This core of professional revolutionaries would come to be known as the vanguard and it's role would be maintaining secrecy, organizing the party, and developing theory. Activists within the party would be hired and professionally trained as it was an actual job. They funded this with membership fees but also crime, mainly robbing banks.

Actually going through the history of the Russian revolution is extremely important though because it is kind of obvious that Lenin and the Bolsheviks were handed the situation on a silver platter and while it is undoubted that the Bolshevik organization was revolutionary in the field of Marxism and did a lot of work to lead to the revolution, they were also very lucky and many of the mistakes of the Tsarist and provisional governments were never really repeated by a bourgeois government which is why we need to incorporate study of later revolutions as well as out own conditions to develop revolutionary strategy.