The PCI was founded as the Communist Party of Italy on 21 January 1921 in Livorno by Amadeo Bordiga and Antonio Gramsci.
Outlawed during the Fascist regime, the party played a major role in the Italian resistance movement the most famous being the Brigate Garibaldi with over 500 brigates during WW2, at the end of the War when Benito Mussolini was escaping to swizerland he was captured and recognized by Communist Partisans and Executed
In the 1970s the PCI reached its all-time maximum electorally: 34.4% in the 1976 general election (12,600,000 votes, 3 million more than in the previous election in 1972). Membership also saw a similarly sharp increase, with over 1,800,000 in the same year (300,000 more than in 1970). becoming the Biggest Communist party in the Imperial core
Sadly due to Fascist violent, State oppresion and CIA intervention (operation gladio) that culminated in the Years of Lead the PCI was not able to mantain itself.
Achille Occhetto became general secretary of the PCI in 1988. At a 1989 conference in a working-class section of Bologna, Occhetto stunned the party faithful with a speech heralding the end of Communism, a move now referred to in Italian politics as the svolta della Bolognina (Bolognina turning point) Under his leadership, the PCI dissolved and refounded itself as the Democratic Party of the Left, which branded itself as a progressive left-wing and democratic socialist party.
Antonia Gramsci - The Prison Notebooks no Gramsci emote :angery:
Amadeo Bordiga - The Science and Passion of Communism :bordiga-despair:
Absolutely! The best single history of the PCI (the Italian Communist Party) is Magri’s The Tailor of Ulm .. For the origins of the Italian Communist experience during and after WWII check out Pavone’s epic A Civil War , which is fantastically written by a former member of the Resistance. For a more on the ground look at how the PCI functioned, check out Rossanda’s The Comrade From Milan (a memoir) or Morselli’s The Communist (fiction). For a deeper look into Italian Autonomist Marxism, a philosophical strain of Marxism pioneered in the PCI, check out Wright’s Storming Heaven (which is a history of the movement) and Tronti’s Workers and Capital (its chief theoretical text). There’s plenty else to check out, including works by Gramsci and Bordiga, but I haven’t personally read them so can’t recommend. That said, I’m sure they’re good!
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Any chronic health condition will do that, but sleep apnea especially has an interesting relationship with MDD. If we use the SIGECAPS criteria for depression, sleep apnea is a direct cause of at least 4/8 symptoms, which iirc meets the threshold for diagnosis.
Sleep apnea lowers the oxygen levels in your blood stream which can cause you to feel fatigued, irritated, unfocused, and obviously sleep deprived.
I can’t say it’s fun per se but it’s definitely super rewarding to work with people dealing with this constellation of symptoms since managing a biologically induced form of depression is so much more straightforward to treat effectively. Once the primary insult is resolved, their whole disposition improves like magic, literally over night (or a few nights I guess).
Yeah, I got super depressed over the last month. My kids both slept past 6am for 3 days straight for the first time in 4 fucking years, and I kept waking up with my heart racing. I didn't sleep more than 3 hours for almost a month, and felt worse every day.
I took a NyQuil to get me to sleep and all of a sudden became hyper aware of the apnea. I would do this thing I called bouncing where I'd fall asleep and then wake back up hard, and I could just tell I had stopped breathing. Happened a lot when I was trying to sleep for a week. I was sobbing into a pillow on the floor at 2am, shaking, asking myself out loud why I couldn't just breathe! I've never had anxiety or depression and I was just certain that I was going to die.
Anyway, I've been on CPAP for a week. I'm still getting used to it, but even my bad nights are an improvement. You should get that shit checked out, if you can. Apnea will kill you eventually if you don't.