Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (meaning "spined lizard") is an extinct genus of large spinosaurid theropod dinosaur that inhabited early to middle Cretaceous (Cenomanian) in Northern Africa, states such as Morocco, Egypt, Tunusia, Libya; approximately 99 to 93.5 million years ago. The first known remains were found in Egypt by the German paleontologist Ernst Stromer in 1912, then described and named in 1915. The original Holotype remains were destroyed in World War II in a bombing raid, in 1944 by the British RAF. Fortunately, more Additional material from other individuals have been found and come to light in the 21st century, though lots of jaw pieces and other material are sold and kept in private collections, lost to science.

Spinosaurus were among the largest known of all carnivorous dinosaurs, estimated as either being the same size or bigger than Tyrannosaurus, Giganotosaurus, and Carcharodontosaurus.

The first remains have been officially discovered in Egypt in 1912 and named by paleontologist Ernst Stromer, in 1915 however, the original remains were destroyed in World War II. The name; Spinosaurus means, spine lizard in Latin. It gets its name from the sail on its Dorsal vertebrae.

Paleobiology

The debate whether that the Spinosaurus was entirely aquatic, terrestrial or amphibious, switched between both habitats is to this day an active subject of debate.

The first thesis about the Spinosaurus, debuts that this theropod was likely a semi aquatic animal. This conclusion has been established by the 2014 fossil discoveries that gave Spinosaurus highly differentiated anatomical features, this conclusion has been bolstered by recent discovery as a highly elongated and dense tail, that might, potentially; helped animal to swim against the current of the Rivers. Studies of the tail, specimens recovered and analyzed by Ibrahim, Pierce, Lauder, and Sereno, in 2018 indicate that Spinosaurus had a keeled tail that was well adapted to propelling the animal through water.

The second consensus that Spinosaurus was likely a terrestrial theropod arises from conducted research that refutes the semi-aquatic thesis for Spinosaurus, such as; a 2018 research, done by paleobiologist Donald Henderson, the research has studying the buoyancy in lungs of crocodilians and comparing it to the lung placement in Spinosaurus, it was discovered that Spinosaurus could not sink or dive below the water surface. It was also capable of keeping its entire head above the water surface while floating, much like other non-aquatic theropods.

Diet

Its unclear that the Spinosaurus was whether a highly specialized piscivore (obligate fish eater) or a generalist carnivore. All known evidence for Spinosaurus dietary preferences, directly comes from the relative spinosauridae species, for example: Baryonyx had shown clear indication for generalist behavior, as one specimen's fossilized rib cage has been found to contain prehistoric species of fish, as well as the remains of a sub-adult Iguanodon.

Based on the direct paleontological fossil discoveries that Spinosaurus could be a generalist predator that hunted variety of prey item, like aquatic animals such as massive, multi-ton fish species; such as Mawsonia and Onchopristis, the inhabitant crocodylimorphs, as well as the terrestrial animals, as pterosaurs, such as Alanqa, Anhanguera as well as, small to medium-sized dinosaurs, such as Ouranosaurus. It is also possible that the Spinosaurus could be a scavenger, as well as a predator; similiar to modern carnivores.

Function of sail

It is uncertain of the function of this dinosaur's sail or hump, scientists have proposed several hypotheses including display, and heat regulation. The prominent feature the sail was could've made the animal seem even larger than it was, intimidating other animals.

Paleoenvironment

The environment inhabited by Spinosaurus is only partially understood, and covers a great deal of what is now northern Africa, from Morocco, Libya, through the Tunisia, and Egypt. The region of Africa Spinosaurus is preserved in dates from 112 to 93.5 million years ago, although a potential specimen has been found in Campanian deposits. In 1996 a study concluded from Moroccan fossils that Deltadromeus, Carcharodontosaurus, and Spinosaurus "ranged across North Africa during the late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)."

Those Spinosaurus that lived in the Bahariya Formation of what is now Egypt may have contended with shoreline conditions on channels, and tidal flats and living in mangrove forests alongside similarly large dinosaurian predators Bahariasaurus and Carcharodontosaurus, the titanosaur sauropods Aegyptosaurus and Paralititan, crocodylomorphs, bony and cartilaginous fish, turtles, lizards, and plesiosaurs. Spinosaurus may have resorted to hunting pterosaurs in the dry season.

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Less a Moscow problem and more just a fun problem so hope y'all enjoy but first the previous winner @Thordros :rat-salute:.

Truthtellers and liars

One summer solstice, while sailing, a :sicko-hexbear: was shipwrecked during a sudden severe squall. Auspiciously, this hexbear sighted a small sandy isle in the distance and succeeded in swimming ashore. Exhausted :yes-honey-left:, they slipped into a sound sleep :sleepi:.

While they slept :lenin-sleeping:, they dreamt that they were discovered by two trolls :body-without-sex-organs: :body-without-sex-organs:, both of whom, fortunately, were to converse with them. The two were identical in all aspects of their appearance; however, one belonged to a clan whose members always tell the truth, the other to a clan whose members always lie.

When they awoke, they discovered two trolls standing over them, exactly as in their dream.

“Where am I?” They inquired.

“The Isle of Hamlock,” replied the first troll.

“The Isle of Grindle,” replied the second.

“And what are your names?” asked :sicko-hexbear:.

“I am Glog and they are Glum,” responded the first.

“No, I am Glog and they are Glum,” answered the second.

Just then a third troll appeared. Hoping to shed some light on the matter, :sicko-hexbear: pointed to the two and asked, “ Which of them can I believe?”

“They and I belong to the same clan,” replied the third troll, pointing to the first.

“That’s true; they do belong to the same clan,” said the second troll.

Assuming that :sicko-hexbear:’ dream was accurate, who is telling the truth and what was the name of the island?

So like have fun :soviet-heart: and talk in the comments if you want with others. When you feel confident dm @Wmill the answer with your reasoning if you can. I'll respond tomorrow with the answer in the mega.