Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (meaning "spined lizard") is an extinct genus of large spinosaurid theropod dinosaur that inhabited early to middle Cretaceous (Cenomanian) in Northern Africa, states such as Morocco, Egypt, Tunusia, Libya; approximately 99 to 93.5 million years ago. The first known remains were found in Egypt by the German paleontologist Ernst Stromer in 1912, then described and named in 1915. The original Holotype remains were destroyed in World War II in a bombing raid, in 1944 by the British RAF. Fortunately, more Additional material from other individuals have been found and come to light in the 21st century, though lots of jaw pieces and other material are sold and kept in private collections, lost to science.

Spinosaurus were among the largest known of all carnivorous dinosaurs, estimated as either being the same size or bigger than Tyrannosaurus, Giganotosaurus, and Carcharodontosaurus.

The first remains have been officially discovered in Egypt in 1912 and named by paleontologist Ernst Stromer, in 1915 however, the original remains were destroyed in World War II. The name; Spinosaurus means, spine lizard in Latin. It gets its name from the sail on its Dorsal vertebrae.

Paleobiology

The debate whether that the Spinosaurus was entirely aquatic, terrestrial or amphibious, switched between both habitats is to this day an active subject of debate.

The first thesis about the Spinosaurus, debuts that this theropod was likely a semi aquatic animal. This conclusion has been established by the 2014 fossil discoveries that gave Spinosaurus highly differentiated anatomical features, this conclusion has been bolstered by recent discovery as a highly elongated and dense tail, that might, potentially; helped animal to swim against the current of the Rivers. Studies of the tail, specimens recovered and analyzed by Ibrahim, Pierce, Lauder, and Sereno, in 2018 indicate that Spinosaurus had a keeled tail that was well adapted to propelling the animal through water.

The second consensus that Spinosaurus was likely a terrestrial theropod arises from conducted research that refutes the semi-aquatic thesis for Spinosaurus, such as; a 2018 research, done by paleobiologist Donald Henderson, the research has studying the buoyancy in lungs of crocodilians and comparing it to the lung placement in Spinosaurus, it was discovered that Spinosaurus could not sink or dive below the water surface. It was also capable of keeping its entire head above the water surface while floating, much like other non-aquatic theropods.

Diet

Its unclear that the Spinosaurus was whether a highly specialized piscivore (obligate fish eater) or a generalist carnivore. All known evidence for Spinosaurus dietary preferences, directly comes from the relative spinosauridae species, for example: Baryonyx had shown clear indication for generalist behavior, as one specimen's fossilized rib cage has been found to contain prehistoric species of fish, as well as the remains of a sub-adult Iguanodon.

Based on the direct paleontological fossil discoveries that Spinosaurus could be a generalist predator that hunted variety of prey item, like aquatic animals such as massive, multi-ton fish species; such as Mawsonia and Onchopristis, the inhabitant crocodylimorphs, as well as the terrestrial animals, as pterosaurs, such as Alanqa, Anhanguera as well as, small to medium-sized dinosaurs, such as Ouranosaurus. It is also possible that the Spinosaurus could be a scavenger, as well as a predator; similiar to modern carnivores.

Function of sail

It is uncertain of the function of this dinosaur's sail or hump, scientists have proposed several hypotheses including display, and heat regulation. The prominent feature the sail was could've made the animal seem even larger than it was, intimidating other animals.

Paleoenvironment

The environment inhabited by Spinosaurus is only partially understood, and covers a great deal of what is now northern Africa, from Morocco, Libya, through the Tunisia, and Egypt. The region of Africa Spinosaurus is preserved in dates from 112 to 93.5 million years ago, although a potential specimen has been found in Campanian deposits. In 1996 a study concluded from Moroccan fossils that Deltadromeus, Carcharodontosaurus, and Spinosaurus "ranged across North Africa during the late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)."

Those Spinosaurus that lived in the Bahariya Formation of what is now Egypt may have contended with shoreline conditions on channels, and tidal flats and living in mangrove forests alongside similarly large dinosaurian predators Bahariasaurus and Carcharodontosaurus, the titanosaur sauropods Aegyptosaurus and Paralititan, crocodylomorphs, bony and cartilaginous fish, turtles, lizards, and plesiosaurs. Spinosaurus may have resorted to hunting pterosaurs in the dry season.

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Wmill's Moscow Puzzles :lenin-da:

Less a Moscow problem and more just a fun problem so hope y'all enjoy but first the previous winner @Thordros :rat-salute:.

Previous answer

Jo is the mother, owning the snake named Belle. We already know that Toni owns a hog named Jo, Belle owns a frog named Sue, and Sue must own the pony since it’s the only one that wasn’t listed. The pony is named after the owner of the pet Toni, which cannot be Jo because that’s already the hog’s name. That leaves Janet as the only possibility, which means the snake must be named Belle, making Jo the mom.

Truthtellers and liars

One summer solstice, while sailing, a :sicko-hexbear: was shipwrecked during a sudden severe squall. Auspiciously, this hexbear sighted a small sandy isle in the distance and succeeded in swimming ashore. Exhausted :yes-honey-left:, they slipped into a sound sleep :sleepi:.

While they slept :lenin-sleeping:, they dreamt that they were discovered by two trolls :body-without-sex-organs: :body-without-sex-organs:, both of whom, fortunately, were to converse with them. The two were identical in all aspects of their appearance; however, one belonged to a clan whose members always tell the truth, the other to a clan whose members always lie.

When they awoke, they discovered two trolls standing over them, exactly as in their dream.

“Where am I?” They inquired.

“The Isle of Hamlock,” replied the first troll.

“The Isle of Grindle,” replied the second.

“And what are your names?” asked :sicko-hexbear:.

“I am Glog and they are Glum,” responded the first.

“No, I am Glog and they are Glum,” answered the second.

Just then a third troll appeared. Hoping to shed some light on the matter, :sicko-hexbear: pointed to the two and asked, “ Which of them can I believe?”

“They and I belong to the same clan,” replied the third troll, pointing to the first.

“That’s true; they do belong to the same clan,” said the second troll.

Assuming that :sicko-hexbear:’ dream was accurate, who is telling the truth and what was the name of the island?

So like have fun :soviet-heart: and talk in the comments if you want with others. When you feel confident dm @Wmill the answer with your reasoning if you can. I'll respond tomorrow with the answer in the mega.

  • SoyViking [he/him]
    ·
    3 years ago

    We're in the process of buying a used car (car bad, I know, but we don't live in a society where going without one is feasible) and as we don't know anything about cars we're getting help from a friend who has worked for a car dealership and repair shop and who knows a lot about buying and selling used cars.

    These are some of the advice he's been giving us that I think could be useful to other people looking to buy cars:

    • Most internal combustion engines has timing belts, rubber bands deep inside the engine that wears down with time and has to be replaced every 60.000 to 120.000 km depending on model. If a timing belt fails the engine gets completely ruined immediately. Replacing a timing belt is expensive because you have to take everything apart to do it so ask when it was changed last time.
    • If the sellers claims repairs were made to the car you should see the receipts. They are your only way of knowing whether he's telling the truth or not.
    • Look at whether the car has been serviced at regular intervals.
    • A long list of previous repairs are not necessarily a sign of a car that was well cared for. To the contrary the reason so many repairs were necessary might be that the previous owner didn't take very good care of the car.
    • If you're buying from a dealership, take a quick look at the other cars there. Do they look good or are they piles of junk? Is the place nice and tidy? If they have a shop, does it look well-equipped with tools or like some amateur with a toolbox in a garage? These kinds of things gives you an impression on whether the place cares about things or whether they're half-assing it.
    • Also, did the seller clean the car inside and outside before showing it to you? A seller who doesn't care to make his cars look good is likely to be one who half-asses other stuff, like repairs.
    • Look for small dents and scratches inside and outside. By themselves they are not important but if the previous owner didn't take care of their car they might also not have taken care of more important stuff.
    • German cars have a reputation for rusting easily. French cars have a reputation for not rusting as easily.
    • It is a good idea to buy a common model. If there are lots of cars like your own around it means that spare parts will be cheaper and easier for you to find.
    • Small patches of rust should be fixed as soon as possible before they grow from small cosmetic issues to big structural ones.
    • Things that needs to be fixed are not a reason not to buy a car but you should factor that into the price and use it to squeeze the seller.
    • Government mandated car inspection reports are nice but they are no guarantee that things are in order. Some car inspectors are very thorough but others are overworked or lazy and miss stuff. Others again are outright corrupt. And even then they only look for things that are safety hazards while ignoring a lot of other important stuff you would like to know as a buyer.
    • Always test drive the car. Try out the brakes and the steering. If anything feels off about those consider buying another car. Faulty brakes and steering are safety hazards and could mean costly repairs.
    • Ask for the engine to be cold when you see the car. When you ignite it listen for any off sounds as they might indicate technical problems.
    • Check out all the buttons for lighting, aircondition, windows etc. inside the car, make sure they all work. If they don't, fixing them might be cheap or not even necessary but you can use a faulty button to press the price down.
    • Don't get impressed by long lists of extra equipment. Sellers might use that to distract you from the basics. Look at that stuff after you're sure that there's no rust, that the engine is healthy, and that steering and brakes are okay.
    • In lots of places you can run the license plate or frame number online to check if the car has been used as security for debts, whether it's wanted etc. There are almost never any problems in this regard but checking it takes a few minutes and can save you a lot of headaches.