Haka are a variety of ceremonial dances in Māori culture. A performance art, haka are often performed by a group, with vigorous movements and stamping of the feet with rhythmically shouted accompaniment. Haka have been traditionally performed by both men and women for a variety of social functions within Māori culture. They are performed to welcome distinguished guests, or to acknowledge great achievements, occasions, or funerals.

Kapa haka groups are common in schools. The main Māori performing arts competition, Te Matatini, takes place every two years.

New Zealand sports teams' practice of performing a haka to challenge opponents before international matches has made the dance form more widely known around the world. This tradition began with the 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team tour and has been carried on by the New Zealand rugby union team (known as the All Blacks) since 1905. Although popularly associated with the traditional battle preparations of male warriors, conceptions that haka are typically war dances, and the inaccurate performance of haka by non-Māori, are considered erroneous by Māori scholars.

Etymology

The group of people performing a haka is referred to as a kapa haka (kapa meaning group or team, and also rank or row). The Māori word haka has cognates in other Polynesian languages, for example: Samoan saʻa (saʻasaʻa), Tokelauan haka, Rarotongan ʻaka, Hawaiian haʻa, Marquesan haka, meaning 'to be short-legged' or 'dance'; all from Proto-Polynesian saka, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian sakaŋ, meaning 'bowlegged'.

History and practice

According to Māori scholar Tīmoti Kāretu, haka have been "erroneously defined by generations of uninformed as 'war dances'", while Māori mythology places haka as a dance "about the celebration of life". Following a creation story, the sun god, Tama-nui-te-rā, had two wives, the Summer Maid, Hine-raumati, and the Winter Maid, Hine-takurua. Haka originated in the coming of Hine-raumati, whose presence on still, hot days was revealed in a quivering appearance in the air. This was haka of Tāne-rore, the son of Hine-raumati and Tama-nui-te-rā. Hyland comments that "[t]he haka is (and also represents) a natural phenomena [sic]; on hot summer days, the 'shimmering' atmospheric distortion of air emanating from the ground is personified as 'Te Haka a Tānerore'"

War haka (peruperu) were originally performed by warriors before a battle, proclaiming their strength and prowess in order to intimidate the enemy. Various actions are employed in the course of a performance, including facial contortions such as showing the whites of the eyes (pūkana), and poking out the tongue (whetero, performed by men only)

18th and 19th centuries

The earliest Europeans to witness haka described them as being "vigorous" and "ferocious". From their arrival in the early 19th century, Christian missionaries tried unsuccessfully to eradicate haka, along with other forms of Māori culture that they saw as conflicting with Christian beliefs and practice.

Modern haka

In modern times, various haka have been composed to be performed by women and even children. In some haka the men start the performance and women join in later. Haka are performed for various reasons: for welcoming distinguished guests, or to acknowledge great achievements, occasions or funerals.

The 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team began a tradition by performing haka during an international tour. The common use of haka by the national rugby union team before matches, beginning with The Original All Blacks in 1905, has made one type of haka familiar.

The choreographed dance and chant popularized around the world by the All Blacks derives from "Ka Mate", a brief haka previously intended for extemporaneous, non-synchronized performance, whose composition is attributed to Te Rauparaha (1760s–1849), a war leader of the Ngāti Toa tribe. The "Ka Mate" haka is classified as a haka taparahi – a ceremonial haka performed without weapons. "Ka Mate" is about the cunning ruse Te Rauparaha used to outwit his enemies, and may be interpreted as "a celebration of the triumph of life over death".

Specific legal challenges regarding the rights of the Ngāti Toa to be acknowledged as the authors and owners of "Ka Mate" were eventually settled in a Deed of Settlement between Ngāti Toa and the New Zealand Government and New Zealand Rugby Union agreed in 2009 and signed in 2012.

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  • Kolibri [she/her]
    ·
    4 hours ago
    just rambling about stuff, like my dad or slight mental health stuff cw: alcoholism

    I am very sleep deprived right now and feeling sick. Again. I dunno how many times I have experienced this feeling due to not sleeping much at times. Just sort of thinking about like, this moment right now. Bunch of lights on late at night that feel overbearing sometimes, in my room, the living room that illuminates the hallway to my room. Then there the noise, with the TV on loud because my dad passed out on his chair again while watching TV, where he doesn't like to be waken up when he passed out on the couch. My nose and mouth dry, a slight headache. A general sick feeling, while a sort of feeling "out of it". A burning feeling in my face. Then there my dog's ashes to my desk on the right. And then me occasionally checking in on my dad to make sure he not dead due to him drinking a lot, which he isn't. How many times have I checked on him? Too much to count at this point.

    Then there just this feeling of, something very unhealthy about this environment when looking around. Nights as an escape become lesser, as day and night blur. My dad struggling in his own way with his drinking, and me struggling in another way. Drowning.

    I think what I hate the most is I don't want to experience moments like this anymore. Feeling exhausted, tired, and seeing my dad passed out again, and hardly much quiet or peace of the night. A constant rhythm that keeps on going. I would go rest right now, but I can't. At least until I get that "sense" of nightly peace. Which only comes after my dad finally wakes up from his chair and decides to go to bed, in which also tells me still okay. Then the quiet of night comes, the loud sound of the TV goes away, the sickly overburdening artificial lights turn off and the night is mine just for a brief moment, and then I can sleep. One day this will end and it won't be like this forever.