It was a combination of highly skilled craftsmen from all levels of society, "Cadets" from the upper middle classes undergoing national service, and (well paid) taxation labour from peasants granted the privilege of working on the pyramids rather than the standard road and irrigation work.
Some also think that foreign war captives were used on the early stages, but that's far from certain as there's no on-site evidence of artifacts from Punt or elsewhere.
This is a good overview, though I quibble with bits, mostly an over-reliance on Middle Kingdom social relations to explain Old Kingdom finds.
It was a combination of highly skilled craftsmen from all levels of society, "Cadets" from the upper middle classes undergoing national service, and (well paid) taxation labour from peasants granted the privilege of working on the pyramids rather than the standard road and irrigation work.
Some also think that foreign war captives were used on the early stages, but that's far from certain as there's no on-site evidence of artifacts from Punt or elsewhere.
This is a good overview, though I quibble with bits, mostly an over-reliance on Middle Kingdom social relations to explain Old Kingdom finds.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303875906_Labor_and_the_Pyramids_The_Heit_el-Ghurab_Workers_Town_at_Giza
Thank you for the info!