I might be slightly off the mark with my understanding so would appreciate if anyone can give better information, but afaik Jews never lived in the historical kingdoms of israel and Judea - YHWHism, the polytheistic predecessor religion that was just the ancient canaanite religion with a trendy new OC at the head, was practised there. The modern Jewish religion developed among the descendents of YHWHists who were kidnapped in the Babylonian exodus.