An orange is a fruit of various citrus species in the family Rutaceae (see list of plants known as orange); it primarily refers to Citrus × sinensis,[1] which is also called sweet orange, to distinguish it from the related Citrus × aurantium, referred to as bitter orange. The sweet orange reproduces asexually (apomixis through nucellar embryony); varieties of the sweet orange arise through mutations.
The orange is a hybrid between pomelo (Citrus maxima) and mandarin (Citrus reticulata). The chloroplast genome, and therefore the maternal line, is that of pomelo. The sweet orange has had its full genome sequenced.
The orange originated in a region encompassing Southern China, Northeast India, and Myanmar, and the earliest mention of the sweet orange was in Chinese literature in 314 BC. As of 1987, orange trees were found to be the most cultivated fruit tree in the world. Orange trees are widely grown in tropical and subtropical climates for their sweet fruit. The fruit of the orange tree can be eaten fresh, or processed for its juice or fragrant peel. As of 2012, sweet oranges accounted for approximately 70% of citrus production.
In 2019, 79 million tonnes of oranges were grown worldwide, with Brazil producing 22% of the total, followed by China and India.
History
The sweet orange is not a wild fruit, having arisen in domestication from a cross between a non-pure mandarin orange and a hybrid pomelo that had a substantial mandarin component. Since its chloroplast DNA is that of pomelo, it was likely the hybrid pomelo, perhaps a BC1 pomelo backcross, that was the maternal parent of the first orange. Based on genomic analysis, the relative proportions of the ancestral species in the sweet orange are approximately 42% pomelo and 58% mandarin. All varieties of the sweet orange descend from this prototype cross, differing only by mutations selected for during agricultural propagation. Sweet oranges have a distinct origin from the bitter orange, which arose independently, perhaps in the wild, from a cross between pure mandarin and pomelo parents. The earliest mention of the sweet orange in Chinese literature dates from 314 BC.
In Europe, the Moors introduced the orange to the Iberian Peninsula, which was known as Al-Andalus, with large-scale cultivation starting in the 10th century, as evidenced by complex irrigation techniques specifically adapted to support orange orchards. Citrus fruits—among them the bitter orange—were introduced to Sicily in the 9th century during the period of the Emirate of Sicily, but the sweet orange was unknown until the late 15th century or the beginnings of the 16th century, when Italian and Portuguese merchants brought orange trees into the Mediterranean area. Shortly afterward, the sweet orange quickly was adopted as an edible fruit. It was considered a luxury food grown by wealthy people in private conservatories, called orangeries. By 1646, the sweet orange was well known throughout Europe. Louis XIV of France had a great love of orange trees and built the grandest of all royal Orangeries at the Palace of Versailles. At Versailles, potted orange trees in solid silver tubs were placed throughout the rooms of the palace, while the Orangerie allowed year-round cultivation of the fruit to supply the court. When Louis condemned his finance minister, Nicolas Fouquet, in 1664, part of the treasures that he confiscated were over 1,000 orange trees from Fouquet's estate at Vaux-le-Vicomte.
Spanish travelers introduced the sweet orange to the American continent. On his second voyage in 1493, Christopher Columbus may have planted the fruit on Hispaniola. Subsequent expeditions in the mid-1500s brought sweet oranges to South America and Mexico, and to Florida in 1565, when Pedro Menéndez de Avilés founded St Augustine. Spanish missionaries brought orange trees to Arizona between 1707 and 1710, while the Franciscans did the same in San Diego, California, in 1769. An orchard was planted at the San Gabriel Mission around 1804, and a commercial orchard was established in 1841 near present-day Los Angeles. In Louisiana, oranges were probably introduced by French explorers.
Archibald Menzies, the botanist and naturalist on the Vancouver Expedition, collected orange seeds in South Africa, raised the seedlings onboard, and gave them to several Hawaiian chiefs in 1792. Eventually, the sweet orange was grown in wide areas of the Hawaiian Islands, but its cultivation stopped after the arrival of the Mediterranean fruit fly in the early 1900s.
As oranges are rich in vitamin C and do not spoil easily, during the Age of Discovery, Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch sailors planted citrus trees along trade routes to prevent scurvy.
Florida farmers obtained seeds from New Orleans around 1872, after which orange groves were established by grafting the sweet orange on to sour orange rootstocks.
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goes to "authentic" mexican restaurant
the walls don't have any dragon ball z characters on them
fucking hate these fake "authentic" restaurants
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Art history class, the fact that Leonardo da Vinci was gay is mentioned. Guy in front of me - who I thought/think is gay - goes from not paying attention to perking up and excitedly talking about that with the person next to him
Also, the way a biographer describes da Vinci reminds me of half of twitter's twinks
illegitimate, gay, vegetarian, left-handed, easily distracted, and at times heretical.
Also my friend commented on da Vinci being "a gay vegan" and I saw 1. him preparing to call me da Vinci, and 2. stopping himself as not to out me
Due to health reasons it's been a while since I've been able to live somewhat normally and joke around with friends so I'm just sharing ordinary interactions because it's made me happy to be able to partake in them again
Yesterday, at around 2 AM, my best friend's younger brother was driving, we think he fell asleep at the wheel, and then he hit a tree. He didn't make it. It's hard on all of us now.
Grandma is still pre-actively dying and within the next 2.5 weeks are 1) my birthday, 2) me playing a solo in front of several thousand people, and 3) my wedding. There's almost no chance that she makes it to October, but then again I thought she would be gone a week and a half ago based on her condition at the time. The woman has debilitating OCD and obsessed over her calendar for the last 20 years of her life, I am 100% positive that she shuffles off this mortal coil on one of those days in a final act of cosmic humor.
global flying insect biomass has reduced by more than 75% in the last 30 years
Zuckerberg is absolutely shredded and training with literally 2 of the best mixed martial artists on the planet. (Volkanovski and Adesanya)
Elon is in a t-shirt training with a pod caster. (Lex Fridman)
I actually really want to see them fight now. Lol
Can you imagine how good the steroids are that they are feeding zuc?
Can you imagine not being on all the peds if you were elon ? What an idiot. Lol
This is a very clear demonstration that Elon is actually an idiot and not some kind of Tony Stark genius billionaire. Zuck may be some kind of reptilian/alien who thinks he's the reincarnation of Julius Caesar, but he's obviously not stupid. These guys have unlimited access to better performance-enhancing drugs than the highest paid professional athletes, all you have to do is spend a couple of hours a week in the gym at that point and you'll turn into a monster.
I mean even for just general heath reasons. Your rich dude.. spend an hour a day working out, hire the best trainer and nutritionist... spend a few grand on designer drugs... how do you think all of Hollywood looks like Greek gods.
clearly all he needed to become the perfect physical specimen was the hair plugs
Peter Thiel literally gets blood transfusions from young healthy people.
Doomer posting :(
spoiler
I keep fucking up in genuinely inexcusable ways at work and i might get fired for it. I can't even defend myself because they laid off one of my coworkers who was hired after me and doesn't mess up like i do
Theyre probably doing layoffs early next year and ill definitely lose my job if I don't get fired soon and I probably won't be able to get a new one for months due to issues with my documents and then I'll never be able to move out of my adoptive parents house
The Eucharist is obviously very contentious among christians, seeing as how they started like 3 entirely new religions and several wars over it, but I know the actual answer and its plain as day.
So what the Catholic idea of transubstantiation gets right is that Jesus did say that that bread was his body and that wine his blood (and being literally God whatever he says must be fundementally and literally true). Where they get caught up, and where the Prots are correct, is that communion wafers and wine verifiably do not become human/devine flesh and blood when blessed. But the Prots just ignore that Jesus did definitely say that the bread and wine at the last supper was his body and his blood, so either they deny Christ's absolute divinity (possible) or they're wrong too.
Therefore, the only answer remaining is clear to any with the eyes to see it: Jesus must have literally been made out of crackers and grape juice.
Ill be starting a new christian movement: The ReReformation. And we will worship the one true and only God and we will call him by his true name: Dionysus. Also we're getting rid of that Trinity nonsense, Jews and Muslims got that one right from the start and its time Christians got with the program.
And if you needed any more proof of the truth behind my words:
Je-sus
Diony-sus
CAN THERE BE ANY DOUBT LEFT???
CAN THERE BE ANY DOUBT LEFT???
I had some doubts still but then I remembered this: one of Dionysus' other names was Bacchus
Bacch-us
Jes-us
No doubts indeed
I met Dionysus at a party once. Fucker tricked me in to drinking gin, then wandered off with most of the women at the party. Fun guy.
Jesus must have literally been made out of crackers
So white jesus was the real jesus all along?!?!
afaik the whole eucharist thing was originally people sitting down to have a real, actual meal together that cut across gender and class lines. Kind of sucks that that got lost in translation 1900ish years ago.
The verse which modern Christians use as the justification for believing that church attendance is mandatory is actually along the lines of, 'do not neglect meeting together,' and there are no proscriptions in the new testament to even build churches at all. For the first couple centuries of Christianity this meant that their religious gatherings were actually just big meals at one another's houses, it definitely sounds preferable to how they do things now.