An antiseptic is an antimicrobial substance or compound that is applied to living tissue to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction. Antiseptics are generally distinguished from antibiotics by the latter's ability to safely destroy bacteria within the body, and from disinfectants, which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects.
Antibacterials include antiseptics that have the proven ability to act against bacteria. Microbicides which destroy virus particles are called viricides or antivirals. Antifungals, also known as antimycotics, are pharmaceutical fungicides used to treat and prevent mycosis (fungal infection).
Surgery
The widespread introduction of antiseptic surgical methods was initiated by the publishing of the paper Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery in 1867 by Joseph Lister, which was inspired by Louis Pasteur's germ theory of putrefaction. In this paper, Lister advocated the use of carbolic acid (phenol) as a method of ensuring that any germs present were killed. Some of this work was anticipated by:
-
Ancient Greek physicians Galen (c. 130–200) and Hippocrates (c. 400 BC) as well as Sumerian clay tablets dating from 2150 BC that advocate the use of similar techniques.
-
Medieval surgeons Hugh of Lucca, Theoderic of Servia, and his pupil Henri de Mondeville were opponents of Galen's opinion that pus was important to healing, which had led ancient and medieval surgeons to let pus remain in wounds. They advocated draining and cleaning the wound edges with wine, dressing the wound after suturing, if necessary and leaving the dressing on for ten days, soaking it in warm wine all the while, before changing it. Their theories were bitterly opposed by Galenist Guy de Chauliac and others trained in the classical tradition.
-
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., who published The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever in 1843
-
Florence Nightingale, who contributed substantially to the report of the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army (1856–1857), based on her earlier work
-
Ignaz Semmelweis, who published his work The Cause, Concept and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever in 1861, summarizing experiments and observations since 1847
Some common antiseptics
Antiseptics can be subdivided into about eight classes of materials. These classes can be subdivided according to their mechanism of action: small molecules that indiscriminately react with organic compounds and kill microorganisms (peroxides, iodine, phenols) and more complex molecules that disrupt the cell walls of the bacteria.
-
Phenols such as phenol itself (as introduced by Lister) and triclosan, hexachlorophene, chlorocresol, and chloroxylenol. The latter is used for skin disinfection and cleaning surgical instruments. It is also used within a number of household disinfectants and wound cleaners.
-
Diguanides including chlorhexidine gluconate, a bacteriocidal antiseptic which (with an alcoholic solvent) is the most safe & effective antiseptic for reducing the risk of infection after clean surgery, including tourniquet-controlled upper limb surgery. It is also used in mouthwashes to treat inflammation of the gums (gingivitis). Polyhexanide (polyhexamethylene biguanide, PHMB) is an antimicrobial compound suitable for clinical use in critically colonized or infected acute and chronic wounds. The physicochemical action on the bacterial envelope prevents or impedes the development of resistant bacterial strains.
-
Quinolines such as hydroxyquinolone, dequalium chloride, or chlorquinaldol.
-
Alcohols, including ethanol and 2-propanol/isopropanol are sometimes referred to as surgical spirit. They are used to disinfect the skin before injections, among other uses.
-
Peroxides, such as hydrogen peroxide and benzoyl peroxide. Commonly, 3% solutions of hydrogen peroxide have been used in household first aid for scrapes, etc. However, the strong oxidization causes scar formation and increases healing time during fetal development.
-
Iodine, especially in the form of povidone-iodine, is widely used because it is well tolerated; does not negatively affect wound healing; leaves a deposit of active iodine, thereby creating the so-called "remnant", or persistent effect; and has wide scope of antimicrobial activity. The traditional iodine antiseptic is an alcohol solution (called tincture of iodine) or as Lugol's iodine solution. Some studies do not recommend disinfecting minor wounds with iodine because of concern that it may induce scar tissue formation and increase healing time. However, concentrations of 1% iodine or less have not been shown to increase healing time and are not otherwise distinguishable from treatment with saline. Iodine will kill all principal pathogens and, given enough time, even spores, which are considered to be the most difficult form of microorganisms to be inactivated by disinfectants and antiseptics.
-
Octenidine dihydrochloride, currently increasingly used in continental Europe, often as a chlorhexidine substitute.
-
Quat salts such as benzalkonium chloride/Lidocaine (trade name Bactine among others), cetylpyridinium chloride, or cetrimide. These surfactants disrupt cell walls.
Megathreads and spaces to hang out:
- ❤️ Come listen to music and Watch movies with your fellow Hexbears nerd, in Cy.tube
- 💖 Come talk in the New Monthly queer thread
- 🧡 Monthly Neurodiverse Megathread
- 💛 Read about a current topic in the news
- ⭐️ October Movie Nominations ⭐️
reminders:
- 💚 You nerds can join specific comms to see posts about all sorts of topics
- 💙 Hexbear’s algorithm prioritizes struggle sessions over upbears
- 💜 Sorting by new you nerd
- 🌈 If you ever want to make your own megathread, you can go here nerd
- 🐶 Join the unofficial Hexbear-adjacent Mastodon instance toots.matapacos.dog
- ☮️ you can join the upcoming anti war rally this march
Links To Resources (Aid and Theory):
Aid:
- 💙Comprehensive list of resources for those in need of an abortion -- reddit link
- 💙Resources for Palestine
Theory:
They should invent a type of anxiety that makes your mind chill out
Oh man that’d rule
“I am so nervous lately, I’m getting so much sleep, I’m incredibly well rested”
:yea:
For context I woke up at 3:30am this morning and didn’t get back to sleep due to work anxiety. Absolutely normal brain.
The best is when you wake up for no reason so your brain is like oh you must be anxious, so you start searching for the reason why and ofc you find something.
Tik tok ban incoming
Lol and it’s literally because meta hired a “political marketing” company to bribe congress
If Americans can’t even have a fucking dumb app because it is affecting Facebook’s bottom line, how can anyone seriously talk about universal healthcare?
Do y'all think banning TikTok would get "the youth" to actually pay attention to politics?
It would be extremely funny if politics got upended over banning TikTok.
No, people who are more interested in tiktok than politics will just move on to the next app which is on its way regardless of whether tiktok is banned. Social media has like a 10 year lifespan at most before the mainstream audience moves somewhere else and they're left to cater to all the olds who weren't cool enough anymore to be where all the kids are
tiktok makes me feel physically unwell after using it. not that i think they're banning it for any good reason, but i do hate tiktok and the way every other social media site wants to become it
mostly i am just not a fan of the style of short video content that's so common, and i really hate the way i'm expected to just watch 20 second video after 30 second video. not to sound too moral panicky, but i feel my brain rotting every time i see one even on another platform. i get a nasty headache
but like i said i don't think it should be banned and i don't think it's inherently worse for my brain than twitter or whatever
Short video :geordi-no:
1 hr video on 2.5x speed :geordi-yes:
Same. Part of why I like it is that it requires audio, so I can’t mindlessly scroll when I’m around people, it has to be an active choice to go on it.
I don't know if you've realized but nobody does talk seriously about universal healthcare
People complain about it but most people are way more passionate about other political topics like wages, China, and Russia
New Megathread Nerds!!! :posting: :daga-kotowaru: remember to wash your hands nerds
-
🐶 Join the unofficial Hexbear-adjacent Mastodon instance toots.matapacos.dog
-
🌈 If you ever want to make your own megathread, you can go here nerd
@aaaaaaadjsf @Abraxiel @Abstraction @Acute_Engles @American_Communist22 @AnarchaPrincess @Antilope @Alaskaball @Aliveelectricwire @artificialset @bbnh69420 @BigLadKarlLiebknecht @buh @CatEars420 @cawsby @CDommunist @Cheesewizzard @Cherufe @ClimateChangeAnxiety @clover @comi @Commander_Data @ComradeCmdrPiggy @ComradeEchidna @context @congressbaseballfan @corgiwithalaptop @crime @Cromalin @CyborgMarx @Dawn_Beveridge @Dirt_Owl @Dolores @Donut @drinkinglakewater @Dryad @ElChapoDeChapo @ElGosso @el_principito @EmmaGoldman @FidelCashflow @Flinch @flowernet @forcequit @Frogmanfromlake @Gabbo @GalaxyBrain @ghosts @Goadstool @GomerPyle @GorbinOutOverHere @GoroAkechi @Grownbravy @GVAGUY3 @HarryLime @hexaflexagonbear @HoChiMaxh @Hohsia @Ho_Chi_Chungus @Ideology @InevitableSwing @iwillavengeyoufather @I_HATE_JOHN_CALVIN @jabrd @JamesConeZone @Kanna @Kaputnik @Koa_lala @kristina @LesbianLiberty @marxisthayaca
@MaxOS @MelaniaTrump @Mindfury @Nakoichi @PaulSmackage @plinky @PM_ME_YOUR_FOUCAULTS @PorkrollPosadist @President_Obama @PurrLure @Ram_The_Manparts @Redcuban1959 @RNAi
@Rojo27 @RoseColoredVoid @solaranus @SorosFootSoldier @Sickos @silent_water @Sphere @Spike @spring_rabbit @ssjmarx @take_five_seconds @TankieTanuki @Teekeeus @Tervell
@TheSpectreOfGay @ThisMachinePostsHog @ultraviolet @UlyssesT @Venustum @viva_la_juche @WhatDoYouMeanPodcast @Wheaties @WhyEssEff @WIIHAPPYFEW @wtypstanaccount04 @wombat @Yanqui_UXO @Zoift @Zuzak@thelastaxolotl @WhoaSlowDownMaurice @Quimby @Lydia
@CARCOSA @liberal @ella @all_that_is_solid @KenBonesWildRide @KiraNerys @TomboyShulk @DuckNuckem @SapGreen @Zangief @scumlord @COMMENT @Antisocial_Socialist @DOPESMOKERDENG
Remember nerds, no current struggle session discussion here on the general megathread, i will ban you from the comm and remove your comment, have a good day/night :meow-coffee:
-
I googled...
Nicholas Wade's 'A Troublesome Inheritance' & New Scientific Racism | The New Republic
May 25, 2014
Before getting into quite why Nicholas Wade’s A Troublesome Inheritance—a book which argues, among other things, that Jews possess a genetic “adaptation to capitalism”—is racist, it may be worth thinking back to the summer of 2012...
COVID-19 lab leak hypothesis
In May 2021, Wade published a 10,000-word article on Medium and later in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists titled "The origin of COVID: Did people or nature open Pandora’s box at Wuhan?" in which he argued that the possibility that the novel coronavirus was bioengineered and had leaked from a lab in Wuhan, China, couldn’t be dismissed. Wade's article fuelled the controversy around the origins of the virus, and has become one of the most-cited pieces in support of the lab leak hypothesis.
Wade's argument is at odds with the prevailing view among scientists that the virus most likely has a zoonotic origin. While some experts have supported taking the lab leak possibility seriously, the majority consider it very unlikely, unsupported by available evidence and bordering on speculation. David Gorski of Science-Based Medicine described Wade's argument as a conspiracy theory.
"I, on the other hand, am English, so I've never had to adapt to anything, and you'd never hear the end of it if I did."
My partner is in a "progressive" bookclub. They're used to my communist rantings but didn't really take a lot of my opinions seriously because I'm "too radical" , but they're now coming home every week ranting about how liberals and conservatives are the same individualist, bootstrap assholes and I'm like :nicholson-yes:
Happy third anniversary of our two week pandemic :agony-limitless:
The gas station nearby took down their "no masks in the store" sign 😌
I just drank a monster energy drink for the first time in like 10 years. It was ok. Probably shortened my life by at least 30 mins. That's all beside the point.
On the back it says that it was manufactured in a facility at 1 monster way somewhere in cali. How fucking cheesy is that, wtf lol
That is not uncommon, when companies make big facilities that require new infrastructure they get to name them. My favorite is Mt Olive pickles headquarters are on the corner of cucumber and vine streets
honestly? A supportive friend or family member. Most quote-unquote professionals will be required to conduct welfare checks and/or inter/intraactions if they believe theres a risk of harm to self or others
That said, thoughts are not actions so better to discuss during the thought phase rather than active planning
Therapists are great if you click and can afford them prior to times of crisis, less so during
Yeah it's a responsibility/duty of care thing, they will straight up violate you/your wishes if they have reason to believe you'll bring harm to self or others. Up til that point they can be fabulous, but after that most of them are beholden to your health and wellbeing
I decided to bail on two years of carefully being stealth online in the hopes of creating a stronger support network. Maybe I'll look back later this year and be like wtf was she thinking, but for now this seems alright. IRL will basically stay the same, but I no longer see the benefit of withholding that part of my life from my friends and other queer people I talk to online
My life seems to entering a weird arc, but I'm just trying to go with it :fishe:
feel like transitioning is extremely dialectic and especially like quantity to quality but im commiepilled so i wonder if everybody sees it that way
happy for you and keep going w the flow! :trans-ferret: :cat-trans:
Jordan Peterson arguing with Chat GPT at 3 in the morning and posting it on Twitter has breathed life into me today
Wow... We could neutralize him just by getting him to argue with a chat GPT bot. He's definitely dumb enough to take the bait.
Where did he post this? His Twitter doesn't seem to have anything in this time frame
https://twitter.com/jordanbpeterson/status/1635544028908232707?t=IE8rli25oF63sxzbVk1V9w&s=19
When one piece of toast is crispier than the other so you debate the toaster in the marketplace of ideas and then go out to the street and start yelling about how it's acting in bad faith to random passers-by.
Glad that Brent got over this whole "having his life in order" business and got back into his old diet of beef, apple cider and a bottle of benzos :peterson-pill-dinner:
:sleepless: my neighbors listening to my drunk ass trying to rap in japanese at 1 AM
:up-yours-woke-moralists: I've seen things you woke moralists wouldn't believe. Dick sucking machines on fire off the coast of Beijing. Cum beams glittering near the Shanghai Gate. All those moments in satanic china gone, like...tears...in...rain...time to eat raw beef.